Riba:
- Ikon ƙirƙira duk aikin aiki na zahiri azaman tsari na ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe wanda ke goyan bayan bayanan ɗan adam, daga shigar da bayanai zuwa rahoton sa hannu na ƙarshe.
- Ikon kafa sarrafa sigar, sawun duba da kuma horon maimaitawa yayin haɗa kayan aikin leƙen asiri cikin aikin aiki
- Ƙarfin fahimtar yadda ƙwararrun sana'a ke canzawa a cikin shekarun hankali na wucin gadi da tsara haɓaka ƙwarewar mutum da nauyin ƙwararru.
Gwajin Module
1. Wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ya tambayi AI "menene asarar fakitinmu a bara?" ba tare da samar da bayanan manufofin ba. Ya tambaya, kuma samfurin ya ba da lambar tabbaci. Wane haɗari wannan yanayin ya fi misali?
- A) Hallucination: samfurin yana samar da lambar da aka yi ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da bayanai ba ✔
- B) Ya wuce kima
- C) Ciwon bayanai
- D) Inganta mace-mace
Bayani: Lokacin da ba a ba da bayanai ga samfurin ba, lambar da yake samarwa ita ce hasashe: abin da ya dace amma na'urar da ba ta dogara da ainihin bayanai ba. Ya kamata a ƙididdige sakamakon lambobi kamar mitar a koyaushe daga bayanan cibiyar.
2. Menene babban dalilin bambance-bambance tsakanin "yawanci" da "tsanani" a cikin lalata samfurin?
- A) Domin doka ta haramta yin ƙira da ƙima tare
- B) Domin yana aiki ne kawai don inshorar rai
- C) Mita da ƙarfi suna biye da rarrabawa daban-daban; Yin ƙira daban da haɗa su yana hasashen lalacewa gabaɗaya daidai ✔
- D) Tunda mita da ƙarfi koyaushe suna ɗaukar ƙima ɗaya, ya isa a lissafta ɗayansu.
Bayani: Yawan lalacewa (mita) da adadin kowace lalacewa (tsanani) suna da halaye daban-daban da rarraba yiwuwar daban-daban; Ana samun jimillar lalacewa (kuɗin haɗari) ta hanyar ƙira da haɓaka daban. Wannan bambance-bambancen yana ba da damar ingantaccen hasashen duka biyun.
3. Menene ma'anar IBNR daidai?
- A) Kudi na shari'a da aka ware don mayar da kuɗi mai ƙima
- B) Samar da diyya da aka yi amma har yanzu ba a bayar da rahoto ba ✔
- C) Hukumar da za a karɓa daga mai reinsurer
- D) Jimlar diyya da aka biya da rufaffiyar
Bayani: IBNR (wanda aka Haɗa Amma Ba a Ba da Rahoto ba) shine tanadin da aka keɓe don kuɗin diyya na gaba wanda ya faru amma har yanzu ba a kai rahoto ga kamfani ba. An ƙididdige shi ta hanyoyi kamar matakan sarkar.
4. Menene amfanin "factor ci gaban" a cikin hanyar sarkar-tsani?
- A) Yana sabunta ƙima bisa ga hauhawar farashin kaya
- B) Yana raba adadin manufofin da shekaru
- C) Yana lissafin babban abin da ake buƙata kai tsaye
- D) Ana amfani da shi don tsinkayar lalacewa ta ƙarshe ta hanyar ba da ƙimar girma na lalacewa daga lokaci ɗaya zuwa na gaba. ✔
Bayani: Ma'anar girma yana nuna sau nawa adadin lalacewar lokacin lalacewa ya girma daga shekara guda na ci gaba zuwa gaba; Yin amfani da waɗannan abubuwan, an kiyasta lalacewar ƙarshe na matakan da ba su balaga ba.
5. Me yasa ake amfani da GLM (samfurin layi na gabaɗaya) a cikin farashin da aka fi fifita a cikin kayan aiki?
- A) Domin koyaushe yana ba da daidaito mafi girman tsinkaya
- B) Tunda ana iya fassara ma'auni, ana iya bayyana tasirin abubuwan haɗari akan ƙima a bayyane ✔
- C) Domin yana aiki ba tare da buƙatar bayanai ba
- D) Domin doka ta ba da damar GLM kawai
Bayani: GLM a bayyane yana nuna tasirin kowane nau'in haɗari akan ƙimar kuɗi saboda ana iya fassara ma'auninsa; Wannan fa'ida ce mai mahimmanci dangane da doka, dubawa da bayanin aiki.
6. Menene ƙimar qx akan teburin mace-mace ke nunawa?
- A) Yiwuwar mutum mai shekaru x ya mutu a cikin shekara ✔
- B) Jimlar kuɗin da aka biya har zuwa shekaru x
- C) Ƙimar shekara ta yanzu
- D) Ƙimar riba ta fasaha
Bayani: qx shine yuwuwar mutumin da ya kai shekaru x zai mutu a cikin shekara guda. Shi ne ainihin shigarwar inshorar rayuwa da asusun ritaya; Ana samun yuwuwar rayuwa ta px = 1 - qx.
7. Ta yaya haɓaka ƙimar fasaha (ragi) a cikin asusun shekara-shekara ya shafi ƙimar halin yanzu na biyan kuɗi na gaba?
- A) Yana ƙara darajar yanzu
- B) Ba ya tasiri ko kadan
- C) Yana rage darajar yanzu ✔
- D) Yana canza mace-mace kawai
Bayani: Yayin da adadin rangwamen ya karu, darajar yanzu na biyan kuɗi na gaba yana raguwa saboda ƙimar lokacin kuɗi yana da ƙarfi sosai. Sabili da haka, zato sha'awar kai tsaye yana rinjayar ƙimar abin alhaki kuma an zaɓa a hankali.
8. Menene ma'anar "leakalar bayanai" a fannin aikin injiniya?
- A) Adana bayanai ba tare da ɓoyewa ba
- B) Cika abubuwan da suka ɓace tare da matsakaita
- C) Rashin adana bayanai
- D) Bayanan da ba a samuwa a zahiri a lokacin tsinkaya an gauraye su a cikin samfurin kuma suna ruɗe aikin ✔
Bayani: Ɓoyewar bayanai shine shigar da bayanai cikin ƙirar da ba a haƙiƙanin wanzuwa a lokacin tsinkaya (misali, maɓalli mai ɗauke da gaba). Wannan ta wucin gadi yana haɓaka aikin gwajin kuma yana haifar da ƙima a cikin ainihin duniya.
9. Menene ainihin simintin Monte Carlo ke bayarwa ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo?
- A) Yana rage sakamakon zuwa lamba ɗaya da madaidaici
- B) Yana ba da damar ganin yiwuwar rarrabawa da haɗarin wutsiya na sakamakon ta hanyar samar da adadi mai yawa na yanayin bazuwar ✔
- C) Yana ba da tsinkaye daidai ba tare da buƙatar bayanan tarihi ba.
- D) Yana rubuta rubutun doka ta atomatik
Bayani: Monte Carlo yana maimaita yanayin bazuwar sau da yawa don ganin sakamakon a matsayin rabon yuwuwar (misali hadarin wutsiya, matakin 99.5%) maimakon aya guda. Hanya ce mai ƙarfi don ƙididdige rashin tabbas.
10. Menene SCR (Solvency Capital Requirement) ke nufi a cikin tsarin Solvency II?
- A) Jimlar kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara
- B) Jimlar diyya da aka biya
- C) Babban buƙatun da za a gudanar don rufe asarar shekara ɗaya a matakin amincewa 99.5% ✔
- D) Adadin hukumar inshora
Bayani: SCR shine babban abin da ake buƙata na babban kamfani wanda dole ne kamfani ya kiyaye don biyan wajibai a cikin shekara ɗaya a matakin amincewa 99.5% (a cikin mummunan yanayin da zai faru kusan sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru 200). Mahimmin ma'auni ne na juriyar kuɗin mai insurer.
11. Ta yaya "wariya a kaikaice" ke faruwa a cikin tsarin farashi wanda basirar wucin gadi ke samarwa?
- A) Maɓallin wakili mai alaƙa da haramtaccen canji a kaikaice yana ɗaukar tasirin wariya iri ɗaya ✔
- B) Samfurin yana amfani da ƙananan bayanai
- C) Saita ƙima mai girma
- D) Zaɓin ƙananan sha'awar fasaha
Bayani: Ko da an cire haramtaccen m (misali ƙabila) daga ƙirar, madaidaicin madaidaicin maɗaukaki mai ƙarfi (misali unguwa/zip code) na iya ɗaukar tasirin wariya ɗaya a kaikaice. Don haka, samfurin yana buƙatar bincika ba kawai don fayyace ba amma har ma don nuna bambanci kai tsaye.
12. Menene ainihin ƙa'idar keɓantawa lokacin da ake nazarin manufofi da bayanan da'awar tare da kayan aikin sirri na wucin gadi na jama'a?
- A) Idan bayanan ƙananan ne, babu buƙatar ɓoyewa
- B) Canza suna kawai ya wadatar a kowane hali
- C) Idan an ɓoye bayanan, ana iya loda shi zuwa kowane abin hawa
- D) Sanya bayanan sirri / na sirri, kar a raba bayanan da ba dole ba kuma zaɓi ingantaccen kayan aiki / cibiyoyi ✔
Bayani: Bayanan sirri da na musamman (TR ID, suna, ganewar asali, yarjejeniya) ya kamata a ɓoye su kafin rabawa; Idan za ta yiwu, kayan aikin kamfanoni tare da kwangilar sarrafa bayanai waɗanda ba sa amfani da bayanai a cikin horarwa ya kamata a fifita su. KVKK yana buƙatar wannan.
13. Me yasa wasan kwaikwayo na kwatanta tsanin sarkar da hanyar Bornhuetter-Ferguson (BF) yakan fi son BF don rashin balaga (sabon) lokutan lalacewa?
- A) Domin BF wajibi ne bisa doka
- B) Domin BF baya buƙatar bayanai
- C) A cikin sabbin lokuta, abubuwan tsani na sarkar sun zama marasa ƙarfi sosai; BF yana ba da ƙarin tabbataccen tsinkaya ta amfani da ƙimar lalacewa da ake tsammani ✔
- D) Saboda tsanin sarkar yana aiki ne kawai a inshorar rayuwa
Bayani: Tun da ƙarancin lalacewa yana faruwa a cikin sabbin lokuta, abubuwan haɓaka tsani na sarkar suna zama mai matuƙar mahimmanci kuma suna daɗaɗawa ga ƙananan canje-canje. BF yana daidaita wannan rashin daidaituwa ta amfani da bayanan hasara da ake tsammani (a priori) kuma yana ba da ingantaccen hasashen.
14. Menene babbar matsalar idan actuary kai tsaye ya sanya hannu kan asusun ajiyar AI-generated kuma ya aika zuwa ga mai gudanarwa?
- A) Alhaki da amincewar ƙarshe ya ta'allaka ne ga mai aiki; Sa hannu kan bugu da ba a tantance ba baya kawar da ƙwararru da haɗarin doka ✔
- B) Fitowar bayanan sirri koyaushe ba daidai ba ne kuma bai kamata a yi amfani da shi ba
- C) Mai gudanarwa ya hana amfani da bayanan sirri gaba daya
- D) Fitowar bayanan sirri na wucin gadi baya buƙatar sa hannu
Bayani: Fitowar AI shine daftarin aiki; Alhakin zaɓin hanya, zato da adadi na ƙarshe ya ta'allaka ne ga aikin sa hannu. Sa hannu kan fitowar da ba a tantance ba yana da haɗari kamar buga rahoton da ba a sa hannu ba kuma baya kawar da alhakin ƙwararru/na shari'a.