Riba:
- Ability don ayyana ainihin tabbaci na kashi karfe zuwa AI tare da ajin sashe, buckling da buƙatun haɗi
- Ƙarfin don tabbatar da damuwa, tsayin daka da ƙimar haɗin da aka ba da AI tare da teburin bayanin martaba da daidaitaccen tsari
- Ability don amfani da horo na giciye-tabbatar da fitarwa AI tare da lissafin hannu da software a cikin kwanciyar hankali da sarrafa haɗin gwiwa.
Tsarin ƙarfe; Ya zama ruwan dare a cikin gine-ginen masana'antu, gadoji, firam ɗin ƙarfe masu hawa da yawa da tsarin rufin. Bambanci tsakanin ƙirar ƙarfe da simintin da aka ƙarfafa shi ne cewa kwanciyar hankali (buckling) da haɗin kai (bolt, waldi) halayen abubuwa an ƙaddara su da ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Rukunin karfe na iya rugujewa ta hanyar murɗawa (kwatsam lankwasawa a gefe da rasa ƙarfinsa) da daɗewa kafin kayan ya gudana. Ana yin lissafin tsarin ƙarfe bisa ga ka'idodin TS EN 1993 / Eurocode 3. AI yana tunawa da fasalulluka na bayanan martaba, ƙididdige damuwa, kafa iko na buckling; amma yana sauƙin yin kurakurai akan batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar ajin sashe, tsayin daka da haɗi. A cikin wannan naúrar za mu ga yadda za a kafa tabbaci na ƙarfe a cikin AI da kuma tabbatar da fitarwa.
Abubuwan asali na Tsarin Karfe
Lokacin saita lissafin ƙarfe na ƙarfe a cikin AI, ƙididdige abubuwan da ke gaba:
- Bayanan martaba: IPE, HEA, HEB, akwatin, bututu da dai sauransu da girman (misali IPE 300). Ketare-yankin A, lokacin inertia I, sashe module W ana ɗauka daga teburin bayanin martaba.
- Abu: Karfe daraja (S235, S275, S355) → yawan amfanin ƙasa f_y (235, 275, 355 MPa bi da bi). Ana ƙididdige ƙarfin ƙira tare da ƙimar kayan aiki γ_M.
- Ƙarfi: Ƙarfin Axial N, lokacin M, shear V (ƙirar ƙira).
- Siffofin kwanciyar hankali: Tsawon buckling (tsawon tsayi mai inganci), yanayin ƙarewa, ƙuntatawa na gefe.
- Haɗuwa: Bolt Class (8.8, 10.9), nau'in weld da girman.
Ajin sashe muhimmin ra'ayi ne: yana ƙayyade ko bayanin martaba zai iya yin aiki da filastik ba tare da jujjuyawar gida ba (Azuzuwan 1-4). Yankuna masu rauni, masu sirara (Class 4) za su dunƙule cikin gida kuma dole ne a rage su cikin ƙarfi. Idan AI ta tsallake ajin sashe, lissafin na iya zama kuskure.
Hankali: Faɗin "kashin baya wuce ƙarfin amfanin gona" a cikin ƙarfe baya nufin yana da lafiya. Membobin matsawa na iya zama ƙasa da yawan amfanin ƙasa. Yayin da sarrafa tashin hankali ya wadatar ga sandar tashin hankali, kulawa (kwanciyar hankali) sau da yawa yana da mahimmanci ga shafi. Idan AI kawai yana duba tashin hankali, bai cika ba.
Tsawon Buckling da Tsawon Tsayi Mai Kyau
Ƙarfin ƙulla ginshiƙi yana dogara ne akan "tsawon buckling", ba tsawonsa na zahiri ba. Ana ƙididdige tsayin buckling ta hanyar ingantaccen tsayin ƙimar K: L_cr = K · L.K ya dogara da yanayin ƙarshe:
Kimanin ƙimar K bisa ga yanayin ƙarshe (ka'idar): Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshe: K ≈ 1.0 Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshe, Haɗe-haɗe: K ≈ 0.7 Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshe: K ≈ 0.5 Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshe, ɗayan kyauta (cantilever): K ≈ 2-0. = 1.0 · 4 = 4 mIdan ginshiƙi ɗaya sun kasance cantilever: L_cr = 2.0 · 4 = 8 m
Kamar yadda ake iya gani, tsayin jiki guda ɗaya yana canza ƙarfin buckling sau da yawa dangane da yanayin ƙarshe. Idan AI ta ce "Na ɗauki tsayin tsayi daidai da tsayin ginshiƙi", kar a yarda da shi ba tare da tambayar ko an bayyana yanayin ƙarshe ba.
Rauni Mai Sauƙi / Ƙarfi Mai ƙarfi
RAUNI: "Shin HEB 200 yana ɗaukar ginshiƙi?" (Load, tsawon, yanayin ƙarshen, ajin ƙarfe, babu axis.) KARFI: "Matsi kashi na buckling iko bisa ga TS EN 1993: - Profile HEB 200, karfe S275 (f_y = 275 MPa) - Tsawon layin L = 4 m, haɗin gwiwa biyu na ƙarshe (K = 1,0) - Tsarin axial matsa lamba SEP1dly Ƙayyade sashin class2) Tsawon tsayi da siriri a cikin raƙuman axis3) Ƙunƙarar rage ƙima da ƙarfi N_b, Rd4) N_Ed / N_b, Rd rabo (< 1?) 5) Ƙayyade ƙimar bayanin martaba (A, i) da kuka yi amfani da su da tushen kowane coefficient (Zan tabbatar daga teburin bayanin martaba)"
Tabbatar da Damuwa, Buckling da haɗin gwiwa
Ƙimar bayanin martaba. AI na iya kuskuren tunawa da yanki ko lokacin inertia na IPE 300. Tabbatar da kowane fasalin bayanin martaba (A, I, W, i) daga teburin bayanin martaba na hukuma. Ƙimar A da ba daidai ba ta lalata dukkan lissafin.
Slenderness da axis. Buckling yana faruwa a cikin rauni mai rauni (shugabanci tare da ƙaramin lokacin inertia). Idan AI yana amfani da axis mai ƙarfi, yana ƙididdige ƙarfin kamar wuce kima da rashin lafiya. Tabbatar da ko wanne axis ake duba.
Ikon haɗawa. Ko da ƙarfen ƙarfe da kansa ya wadatar, yana iya rushewa idan haɗinsa (bolt/weld) bai isa ba. Bolt shear/ƙarfin murƙushewa da ƙarfin ɗinkin walda ana ƙididdige su daban. Idan AI ta tsallake haɗin gwiwa, asusun bai cika ba.
Lateral torsional sprain (LTB). A cikin katako da ke ƙoƙarin lanƙwasa, idan ba a riƙe kan matsi da kyau ba, katako na iya karkata gefe kuma ya rasa ƙarfinsa; Wannan shi ake kira raɗaɗi na gefe. Lokacin ƙididdige ƙarfin juzu'i na katako, AI na iya ƙetare wannan yanayin kwanciyar hankali kuma ya sa katako ya zama mai ƙarfi fiye da shi. Ƙayyade cikin hanzari a cikin abin da tazarar da ake riƙe da kan matsa lamba a kaikaice (misali bene, haɗin kwance) kuma duba ko AI yana yin sarrafa LTB. Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata a yi amfani da ma'auni na ma'amala a cikin ginshiƙan ƙarfe inda lankwasawa da ƙarfin axial aiki tare (hade sakamako); Lura cewa axial kawai ko sarrafa lanƙwasawa kawai bai isa ba. Waɗannan nau'ikan kwanciyar hankali da binciken mu'amala sune ɓangaren ƙirar ƙarfe wanda aka fi kulawa da shi ta hanyar lissafin hannu kuma dole ne a tabbatar da shi tare da software.
sarrafawa
Abin da za a nema
kuskure akai-akai
Ƙimar bayanin martaba
Shin A, I, W daidai ne daga tebur?
Ƙimar bayanin martaba mara daidai
Ajin sashe
Shin an ƙaddara azuzuwan 1-4?
tsallake aji
buckling axis
An yi amfani da axis mai rauni?
Ɗaukar axis mai ƙarfi
Tsawon inganci K
Shin yanayin gefen daidai yake?
kullum dauki K kamar 1
hade
Shin kullin/weld isasshe?
tsallake shiga
Mini Cases guda uku
Case 1 - Kuskuren kuskure. Injiniya Can yana buƙatar sarrafa buckling daga AI don shafi HEA 220. AI yana amfani da lokacin axis mai ƙarfi na inertia kuma yana ba N_Ed/N_b, Rd = 0.7 (aminci). Zai iya sake ƙididdigewa tare da axis mai rauni: rabon shine 1.15, ma'ana ginshiƙi ba shi da lafiya. Daidaitaccen kula da axis yana hana haɗarin rushewa.
Case 2 – Ƙimar bayanin martaba mara daidai. AI yana ba da yanki na yanki na IPE 240 azaman 53.8 cm² (kusa da na IPE 300) maimakon 39.1 cm². Wannan yana sa ginshiƙi ya fi ƙarfinsa. Injiniyan ya tabbatar da A = 39.1 cm² daga teburin bayanin martaba kuma ya gyara lissafin.
Hali na 3 - An tsallake shiga. Don ƙaramin kan truss, AI yana yin rajistan ja daidai, amma baya ƙididdige haɗin haɗin gwiwa. Injiniyan yana ƙididdige ƙarfi da ƙarfin murƙushe M20 8.8 daban don N = 320 kN tashin hankali kuma yana ƙayyade adadin da ake buƙata na kusoshi. Haɗin da kashi ya isa amma ba a ƙididdige haɗin haɗin ba zai iya karye.
Samfuran gaggawar da za a iya kwafi
GASKIYA GASKIYA GASKIYA: "Ba da kaddarorin sashe don bayanin martaba mai zuwa: [profile, misali IPE 300]. Area A, lokacin inertia Iy da Iz, sassan sassan, inertia radii iy da iz. Zan tabbatar da waɗannan dabi'un kaina daga teburin bayanin martaba; bayyana tushen kuma yi alama game da ƙimar da ba ku da tabbas. "
TS EN 1993: "Duba haɗin gwiwa na karfe bisa ga TS EN 1993: - Ƙarfin ƙira N_Ed = [...], ƙulla M [..] aji [8.8 / 10.9] - Ƙirƙirar ƙarfin juzu'i da ƙarfin murƙushe farantin SEPARATELY- Ba da adadin da ake buƙata na kusoshi da mafi ƙarancin ƙima / nisan nisa na iya ƙididdige tushen ƙima.
Kuskuren gama gari
- Kawai duba tashin hankali a cikin matsi da kuma tsallake buckling (kwanciyar hankali).
- Ana ƙididdige ƙididdigewa a kan axis mai ƙarfi da rasa madaidaicin raƙuman axis.
- Ɗaukar ingantacciyar ƙididdiga ta K azaman 1.0 ba tare da la'akari da yanayin ƙarshen ba.
- Amfani da fasalulluka (A, I, W) da AI ta bayar ba tare da tabbatar da su daga tebur ba.
- Ana ƙididdige ƙarfin kashi da mantawa don bincika haɗin (kulli/weld).
- Yin watsi da buckling na gida a cikin sashin bangon bakin ciki ba tare da tantance ajin sashe ba.
a takaice
- Fara lissafin karfe ta hanyar samar da bayanan martaba, ajin ƙarfe, ƙarfi, yanayin ƙarewa da bayanin haɗin gwiwa.
- Sarrafa (kwanciyar hankali) sarrafawa a cikin membobin matsawa yawanci ana ƙaddara ta tashin hankali.
- Bincika tsayin buckling tare da ingantaccen tsayin ƙimar K kuma koyaushe a cikin rarraunan axis.
- Tabbatar da fasalin bayanin martaba daga tebur na hukuma; Ba daidai ba A yana lalata lissafin duka.
- Ko da kashi ya isa, haɗin (bolt/weld) dole ne a lissafta shi daban.
- Tabbatarwa na ƙarshe dole ne a haɗa shi ta hanyar lissafin hannu da software kuma injiniya ya amince da shi.
Aikin aikace-aikace
Zaɓi memba na matsi na ƙarfe (ka ƙididdige bayanin martaba, ƙimar ƙarfe, tsayi, yanayin ƙarshe da nauyin axial). Tambayi AI don aji sashe, tsayin buckling, ƙarfin buckling da N_Ed / N_b, Rd rabo bisa ga TS EN 1993. Sa'an nan: (1) tabbatar da darajar profile (A, i) daga tebur, (2) tabbatar da cewa buckling da aka sarrafa a rauni axis, (3) duba cewa coefficient K matches da karshen zane yanayin, (4) kwatanta da karshen ƙira yanayin, (4). Gano da gyara tushen bambance-bambancen.
jerin abubuwan dubawa
- [ ] Na fayyace a sarari bayanin martaba, ajin ƙarfe, ƙarfi da yanayin ƙarewa.
- [ ] Na duba cewa an ƙaddara ajin sashe.
- [ ] Na tabbatar da cewa an ƙididdige buckling a cikin rarraunan axis.
- [ ] Na duba cewa ingantaccen ma'auni na tsawon K ya dace da yanayin ƙarshe.
- [ ] Na tabbatar da fasalin bayanin martaba daga tebur na hukuma.
- [ ] Na duba ƙarfin haɗin (bolt/weld) daban.
- [ ] Na haye sakamakon tare da lissafin hannu/software mai zaman kansa kuma na tabbatar da shi.