Riba:
- Ikon haɗa hoto, sigina, bayanai da ƙa'idodin ƙa'ida zuwa aikin aikin AI guda ɗaya mai alhakin biomedical
- Ikon yin amfani da duban mutum-in-da-loop, ganowa da ka'idodin sa ido bayan rarrabawa
- Ikon kiyaye iyaka a kowane mataki inda hankali na wucin gadi bai maye gurbin amincewar likitoci da injiniyoyi ba
Gwajin Module
1. Wanne daga cikin waɗannan shine ainihin ƙa'idar da ke ƙayyade haɗarin fitowar AI a cikin injiniyan halittu?
- A) Haɗarin fitarwa daidai yake da cutarwar da zai haifar wa mai haƙuri idan ba daidai ba ne; ma'aunin tabbatarwa daidai ✔
- B) Fitowar AI gabaɗaya lafiya ce saboda an rubuta shi sosai da fasaha
- C) Tabbatarwa ba dole ba ne lokacin da aka yi amfani da mafi yawan samfurin yanzu
- D) Idan fitarwar tana nufin jagora, ba a buƙatar ƙarin cak
Bayani: Haɗarin fitarwa yayi daidai da cutar da majiyyaci idan wannan fitowar ba daidai ba ce. Yayin da ƙananan kuskure a cikin taƙaitaccen wallafe-wallafen yana da ƙananan haɗari, kuskuren shigar da hoton hoto ko yanke shawara na asibiti kai tsaye yana barazana ga lafiyar haƙuri; Don haka, ma'auni na tabbatarwa tare da yuwuwar cutarwa, kuma kowane yanke shawara da ya shafi amincin haƙuri ya dogara da amincewar likita.
2. Menene aikin da ya dace na samfurin ganowa na goyon bayan AI a cikin amfani da asibiti a cikin rediyo?
- A) Amincewa da rahoton likitan rediyo ta atomatik kuma kawar da nauyin aiki
- B) Rufe ƙananan fifiko ba tare da ganin likitan rediyo ba
- C) Idan yiwuwar samfurin yana da girma, yi bincike ba tare da ƙarin gwaji ba
- D) Kasancewa kayan aiki na tallafi wanda ke jawo hankali ga ganowa da fifita shi, amma alhakin ganewar asali ya kasance a wurin likitan rediyo ✔
Bayani: Hoton AI shine kayan aikin tallafi na yanke shawara: jan hankali, ba da fifiko, matakan da tutoci; duk da haka, alhakin gano cutar ya kasance tare da likitan rediyo. Fitowar samfurin ba ta zama madadin shawarar likitan rediyo ba, shigarwa ce kawai. Ana amfani da fitarwa tare da kimantawa na asibiti mai zaman kansa kamar yadda abubuwan da ke faruwa na ƙarya da rashin kuskure suna yiwuwa koyaushe.
3. Mene ne mafi yawan matsala a lokacin da ake aikawa da aikin samfurin AI daga wannan dakin gwaje-gwaje zuwa wani a cikin ilimin cututtuka na dijital?
- A) Samfurin yana aiki da sauri
- B) Fayilolin faifai sun yi ƙanƙanta sosai
- C) Canjin yanki wanda ya haifar da rini da bambance-bambancen dubawa ✔
- D) Masana ilimin cututtuka ba sa son yin amfani da samfurin kwata-kwata
Bayani: Ƙa'idar lalata, alamar na'urar daukar hotan takardu, da kauri na sashe sun bambanta daga dakin gwaje-gwaje zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje; Idan samfurin ya koya bisa kididdigar hoto na ɗayan dakin gwaje-gwaje, aikinsa zai ragu a wani dakin gwaje-gwaje. Wannan al'amari ana kiransa canjin yanki kuma shine mafi yawan sanadin gazawa a cikin ilimin halittar dijital; Shi ya sa tabbatarwar waje da daidaita launi suna da mahimmanci.
4. Menene ya kamata injiniyan ya zama farkon tabbatarwa lokacin da samfurin rarrabuwa na ECG ya yi wa lakabin 'atrial fibrillation'?
- A) Rubuta alamar kai tsaye a cikin fayil ɗin mara lafiya azaman ganewar asali
- B) Bincika siginar da aka yi amfani da shi, kayan tarihi da ƙwarewar ilimin lissafi kuma a bar shawara ga likita ✔
- C) Idan ƙimar amincewar ƙirar tana da girma, babu buƙatar wani iko.
- D) Jagorantar mara lafiya zuwa maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi
Bayani: Ya kamata a fara gwada fitarwa don ƙwarewar ilimin lissafi da ingancin sigina: ɗigon tushe, kayan aikin tsoka ko shakatawa na lantarki a cikin rikodi na iya kwaikwayi saurin. Ba daidai ba ne a amince da lakabin ba tare da kallon siginar da aka yi ba da kuma tazarar R-R; Ƙarshe ganewar asali na rhythm na likita ne. Samfurin yana samar da sigina na farko, ba ya yanke shawara.
5. Menene mahimmin fasalin sarrafa AI na siginar EEG wanda ke sa tabbatarwa da wahala musamman?
- A) Ƙananan sigina-zuwa amo rabo da babban kayan tarihi/saɓani ✔
- B) Siginar EEG yana da girma sosai kuma mara sauti
- C) Yin rikodin EEG daga tashar guda ɗaya kawai
- D) Bayanan EEG ba dijital ba ne
Bayani: EEG sigina ce mai ƙarancin ƙarfi (microvolt kewayon) kuma ana iya gurɓata shi da sauƙi ta hanyar kayan tarihi kamar ƙiftawar ido, motsin tsoka, lantarki da hayaniyar cibiyar sadarwa; Bugu da ƙari, sauye-sauye tsakanin mutane da rikodi yana da girma. Wannan ƙananan sigina-zuwa amo yana haifar da samfurin samfurin ya zama mai rauni kuma yana buƙatar tabbatar da ƙwararrun likitan neurophysiologist.
6. Menene mafi mahimmancin iyaka lokacin aiki tare da bayanan bugun zuciya daga na'urar sawa mai amfani?
- A) Batirin na'urar yana ƙarewa da sauri
- B) Adana bayanai a cikin gajimare
- C) Sau da yawa na'urar ba ta da ƙwararrun likitanci kuma siginar tana da sauƙi ga kayan tarihi / son zuciya ✔
- D) Na'urar tana da tsada sosai
Bayyanawa: Yawancin na'urorin sawa na mabukaci ba su da takaddun shaida a matsayin na'urorin likita; Alamar PPG (photoplethysmography) tana shafar siginar motsi, kuma abubuwa kamar launin fata mai duhu da jarfa na iya rage daidaito. Waɗannan bayanan suna da mahimmanci don haɓakawa/fadakarwa, amma ingantacciyar ma'aunin asibiti da kimantawar likita ana buƙatar yanke shawara na bincike.
7. Menene ma'anar 'yayowar lokaci' lokacin gina samfurin tsinkaya tare da bayanan lafiyar lafiyar lantarki (EHR)?
- A) Rufaffen adana bayanai
- B) Fitar bayanan nan gaba zuwa abubuwan da basu wanzu ba a lokacin hasashen ✔
- C) Bayanan sun tsufa sosai
- D) Horon samfurin a hankali
Bayani: Ɓoyewar ɗan lokaci shine tsangwama na fasalin horo tare da bayanan da ba a samu ba tukuna a lokacin tsinkaya (gaba); misali, yin amfani da ganewar asali na fitarwa don hasashen haɗari a lokacin shiga. Wannan yana haifar da babban aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje amma faɗuwar aiki a cikin amfani na asibiti na gaske kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi ɓarna na ƙirar bayanan asibiti.
8. Wanne ne daga cikin waɗannan zai zama wajibi idan software da kanta aka siffanta da 'medical Device software' (SaMD)?
- A) Yin aiki da sauri ya isa
- B) Baya buƙatar kowane takarda
- C) Kyakkyawar dubawa kawai ake buƙata
- D) Gudanar da ƙira, sarrafa haɗari, tabbatarwa / tabbatarwa da bin ka'idoji sun zama wajibi ✔
Bayani: SaMD (Software a matsayin Na'urar Likita) software ce mai aiki don ganewar asali, jiyya ko dalilai na saka idanu kuma baya dogara da kowane kayan aiki. A wannan yanayin, ƙirar ƙira, gudanar da haɗari (ISO 14971), tabbatarwa / tabbatarwa da bin ka'idoji sun zama tilas; Ba za a iya ɗaukar software ɗin a matsayin 'software kawai' saboda gazawarsa kai tsaye yana shafar lafiyar marasa lafiya.
9. Menene mafi mahimmancin haɗari lokacin da kuka tambayi AI don MDR (Director Na'urar Na'urar) jumla ko daidaitaccen lamba?
- A) Samfurin yana samar da labarin karya / daidaitattun nassoshi kuma yana gabatar da su lafiya ✔
- B) Samfurin ya ba da amsar gajarta sosai
- C) Samfurin yana amsawa cikin Turanci
- D) Samfurin yana amsawa a hankali
Bayani: Samfuran harshe na iya samar da amintattun lambobin abu, sigar sigar da ba ta dace ba, da nassoshi da aka yi (hallucination). A cikin bin ka'ida, bayanin abin da ba daidai ba yana haifar da gazawar yarda da gaske; don haka yakamata a tabbatar da kowace sifa ba tare da rubutun hukuma ba, AI yakamata a yi amfani da shi don kewayawa/ zayyana kawai.
10. Wane nau'i ne bayanan kiwon lafiya suka shiga cikin iyakar KVKK kuma menene wannan ke nufi?
- A) Bayanan sirri na yau da kullun; ana iya sarrafa shi kyauta
- B) Ba bayanan sirri ba ne; babu takura
- C) Rukunin bayanan sirri na musamman; An sarrafa shi tare da tsauraran sharuɗɗa da kariya ✔
- D) Sirrin ciniki kawai; babu wani sirri da ake buƙata
Bayani: Ana ɗaukar bayanan lafiya 'bayanan sirri na musamman' a cikin KVKK; A matsayinka na mai mulki, sarrafawa ya dogara da takamaiman izini ko keɓantacce da doka ta tsara kuma yana buƙatar ƙarin matakan kariya. Saboda haka, bayanan marasa lafiya ba za a iya shigar da su cikin kayan aikin da ba a sarrafa su ba; Ba da izini, ƙuntatawa damar shiga da yarjejeniyar sarrafa bayanai wajibi ne.
11. Menene ma'anar 'calibration' a cikin samfurin AI na asibiti kuma me yasa yake da mahimmanci?
- A) Yaya saurin samfurin ke gudana
- B) Simitoci nawa ne samfurin ke da shi?
- C) Interface launi na samfurin
- D) Daidaituwar yuwuwar da samfurin ya bayar tare da ainihin mitocin taron ✔
Bayani: Calibration shine dacewa da yuwuwar da samfurin ya bayar ga ainihin mitoci: lamarin ya kamata ya faru a zahiri a cikin kusan kashi 20% na marasa lafiya waɗanda aka ce '20% haɗari'. Tun da an yanke shawara a cikin asibitin bisa ga iyakokin yiwuwar, ƙirar da ba ta dace ba za ta haifar da yanke shawara na kofa ba daidai ba ko da ya yi daidai; don haka, dole ne a tabbatar da daidaitawa da kuma nuna wariya (AUC).
12. Me yasa za'a bincika 'ayyukan rukunin rukuni' daban a cikin hoto, sigina ko samfuran bayanan asibiti?
- A) Jimlar daidaito koyaushe ya isa
- B) Saboda ƙananan ƙungiyoyi suna shafar saurin samfurin
- C) Ma'auni na yau da kullun na iya ɓoye rashin aiki da son zuciya a takamaiman ƙungiyoyin marasa lafiya ✔
- D) Binciken Ƙungiya ya zama dole kawai don tallace-tallace
Bayani: Yayin da samfurin zai iya yin kyau a matsakaici, yana iya yin muni sosai a wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi (shekaru, jinsi, sautin fata, nau'in na'ura, asibiti); Ma'auni na gaba ɗaya yana ɓoye wannan rashin daidaituwa. A cikin kiwon lafiya, wannan yana haifar da lahani na tsari a wasu ƙungiyoyin marasa lafiya; Don haka, ya kamata a raba aikin zuwa rukuni-rukuni kuma a ba da rahoto don yin gaskiya.
13. Menene mafi kyawun tsarin kula da haɗarin 'sake ganewa' lokacin aiki tare da bayanan haƙuri?
- A) Kawai share sunan ya wadatar a kowane yanayi.
- B) Gabaɗaya masu ganowa kai tsaye da kuma masu gano kai tsaye da hana shiga ✔
- C) Idan bayanan na mutane kaɗan ne, ba a buƙatar yin taka tsantsan
- D) Kawai canza sunan fayil maimakon ɓoyewa
Bayani: Ko da bayanan da aka goge suna iya sake gano su tare da ƙarancin haɗuwar ganewar asali, ranar haihuwa, lambar zip da kwanan wata. Don haka bai isa kawai cire abubuwan gano kai tsaye ba; Ya kamata a yi amfani da dabaru kamar canjin kwanan wata, gama-gari, k-nonymity da sarrafa shiga tare, sannan kuma ya kamata a tsaftace rubutu na kyauta.
14. Menene dalilin farko na kiyaye ƙarshen-zuwa-ƙarshe 'man-in-madauki' iko a cikin tsarin aikin AI na biomedical?
- A) Ikon ɗan adam yana haifar da jinkiri ne kawai kuma yakamata a cire shi
- B) Idan ƙirar amincewar ƙima ta yi girma, ingancin ɗan adam bai zama dole ba
- C) Babu wani dalili na aiki sai wajibcin shari'a
- D) AI yana ƙarƙashin son zuciya da kuskure; Hukunce-hukuncen aminci na haƙuri da alhakin ya kamata su kasance tare da ƙwararren ƙwararren ✔
Bayani: Hankali na wucin gadi yana haifar da, ba da fifiko da kuma tsara hasashe; amma tsarin da yake koyo daga bayanan na iya zama rashin cikawa, son zuciya, ko kuma baya cikin mahallin. Yana da mahimmanci cewa yanke shawara game da lafiyar haƙuri ya kasance tare da amincewar likita da injiniya mai izini, duka don kama kurakurai da kiyaye alhakin a daidai wurin da ya dace; AI baya maye gurbin wannan amincewa a kowane mataki.