Riba:
- Ikon bayyana ayyukan kamara, radar, LiDAR da haɗin firikwensin a cikin sarkar ganowa da matakan sarrafa kansa na SAE
- Ikon ƙirƙirar lakabin bayanai, ma'anar yanayi da ma'aunin ƙima don gano abu, rarrabuwa da bin diddigi
- Ƙarfin ƙididdige ƙimayar ƙima, ma'auni mai kyau / mara kyau na ƙarya da gefen aminci a cikin fitarwa samfurin ganowa
Yawancin ababen hawa a yau suna da fasali kamar gargaɗin tashi ta layi, birki na gaggawa ta atomatik ko sarrafa jirgin ruwa mai daidaitawa. Waɗannan duka suna ƙarƙashin inuwar ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems). A zuciyar waɗannan tsarin da kuma ƙarin tuƙi mai cin gashin kansa shine tsinkaye: yadda abin hawa ke "gani" duniyar da ke kewaye da ita tare da na'urori masu auna sigina kuma "fahimtar" ta tare da basirar wucin gadi. A cikin wannan rukunin, za mu rufe sarkar ganowa, na'urori masu auna firikwensin, matakan sarrafa kansa da mafi mahimmancin batun, iyakokin tsaro.
Gargadi daga farko: Wannan yanki yana da mahimmancin tsaro. Idan samfurin ganowa bai gano mai tafiya a ƙasa ba, sakamakon zai iya zama m. Shi ya sa kowane fitarwa AI a nan dole ne a kewaye shi da tsarin injiniyan tsaro (ISO 26262 da SOTIF a cikin raka'a na gaba).
Sensors: idanu, kunnuwa da radar
Tarin tuƙi mai cin gashin kansa yana haɗa na'urori masu auna firikwensin daban-daban saboda kowanne yana da ƙarfi da rauni:
- Kyamara: Kamara tana "ganin" launi, rubutu (alamar zirga-zirga), layin layi da nau'in abu mafi kyau. Amma yana da talauci da dare, hazo, tsananin hasken rana da kimanta nesa.
- Radar (Ganewar Radiyo da Ragewa): Yana auna nisa da sauri tare da igiyoyin rediyo. Ya rage tasirin ruwan sama / hazo kuma yana auna saurin kai tsaye (tare da tasirin Doppler); amma ƙudirin sa ba ya da yawa, yana da wuya a iya bambancewa "wannan mai tafiya ne ko akwati?"
- LiDAR (Gano Haske da Ragewa): Harba Laser kuma yana samar da madaidaicin "girgijen gizagizai" mai girma uku na kewaye; Yana ba da nisa da siffa sosai. Amma yana da tsada kuma hazo/ ruwan sama na iya shafa shi.
- Ultrasonic: Gajeren kewayo, kamar firikwensin kiliya.
Tun da babu wanda ya isa da kansa, ana yin haɗin firikwensin: ta hanyar haɗa bayanan na'urori daban-daban, raunin kowanne yana ramawa ta ƙarfin ɗayan. Alal misali, kamara ta ce "mai tafiya", radar ya ce "a mita 12, yana gabatowa 5 km / h"; Fusion ya haɗa biyun kuma yana haifar da ingantaccen waƙa.
Tukwici: Lokacin kimanta da'awar ganowa, "wane firikwensin zai iya ganinsa kuma yaya?" tambaya. Idan kiyasin nisa na kamara da daddare ba shi da kyau, yanke shawara mai nisa dangane da kamara guda yana da tambaya.
Sarkar ganowa
Sarkar da aka saba daga danyen bayanan firikwensin zuwa yanke shawara shine kamar haka:
- Ganewa: Gano abubuwa a cikin hoto/gajimare aya ("akwai kayan aiki a nan").
- Rarraba: Ƙayyade nau'in abu (mai tafiya, keke, abin hawa, alamar).
- Bibiya: Bi abu tsakanin firam, kimanta saurinsa da alkiblarsa.
- Fusion: Haɗa na'urori masu auna firikwensin don ƙirƙirar daidaitaccen samfurin duniya.
- Hasashe: "Shi wannan mai tafiya a ƙasa zai tsallaka titi?"
- Tsara da sarrafawa: Hukunci da tuƙi / birki/maganin hanzari.
Hankali na wucin gadi (musamman ilimi mai zurfi) 1-3. mai ƙarfi sosai a matakai; 5-6. Matakan suna ƙara kewaye da ƙa'idodin injiniya da dabaru na tsaro.
SAE matakan sarrafa kansa
'Yancin kai ba abu bane "e/a'a", sannu a hankali. Ma'aunin SAE J3016 ya bayyana matakai shida:
Mataki
Suna
Wanene ke tuƙi?
misali
0
Babu aiki da kai
duk tuƙi
Gargaɗi kawai (gargaɗi na makafi)
1
Tallafin direba
direba + tallafi guda
Daidaitaccen tafiye-tafiye ko kiyaye hanya
2
Sashe na atomatik
Direba (kullum kulawa)
Gudun + layi tare, direba mai alhakin
3
Kayan aiki na sharaɗi
Tsarin (ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayi)
Ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayin tsarin yana tuƙi, direba yana shirye don ɗauka
4
babban aiki da kai
Tsarin (a takamaiman yanki)
Marasa tuƙi a ƙayyadadden yanki
5
Cikakken aiki da kai
Tsarin (a kowane yanayi)
Babu direba a ko'ina (har yanzu)
Tsanaki: Mafi haɗari rashin fahimta shine Mataki na 2. A mataki na 2, abin hawa yana goyan bayan tuƙi da sauri, amma direba yana riƙe da kulawa da alhaki akai-akai. Kuskure tsarin a matsayin "autopilot" da rashin kulawa ya haifar da mummunar haɗari. Mataki na 2 baya nufin "marasa direba".
Ma'aunin kimantawa: tabbataccen ƙarya da mara kyau na ƙarya
Kurakurai iri biyu suna da mahimmanci yayin kimanta samfurin ganowa:
- Ƙarya mai kyau: Tunanin cewa akwai wani abu da ba ya wanzu. Misali, tunanin cewa inuwar gada “tsala ce” da birki ba dole ba. Mai tada hankali kuma wani lokacin haɗari ( karo na baya-baya).
- Ƙarya mara kyau (ƙarya mara kyau / kuskure): Rashin iya ganin wani abu da ke wanzu. Misali, rashin ganin mai tafiya a kasa na gaske. Wannan shi ne kuskure mafi muni a tuki mai cin gashin kansa.
Ma'auni waɗanda suka taƙaita waɗannan:
- Daidaito: Nawa na abin da ka yiwa alama daidai ne a zahiri.
- Tunawa (hankali): Nawa ne ainihin ainihin abin da kuka kama.
- mAP (ma'ana Matsakaicin Matsakaici): Ma'auni gama gari don gano abu.
Tuna (ba a rasa kowane mai tafiya a ƙasa) yana da mahimmanci a cikin al'amura kamar gano masu tafiya a cikin tuƙi mai cin gashin kansa; Ƙara wannan wani lokaci yana ƙara ƙimar ƙarya. Wannan cinikin yanke shawara ne na injiniyan tsaro, ba daidaitaccen ƙirar ƙira ba.
Laifukan gefuna da dogon wutsiya
Abu mafi wahala na tuki mai cin gashin kansa ba al'amuran yau da kullun ba ne, amma abubuwan ban mamaki da ban mamaki: alamar rabin bayyane a ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara, babbar motar juye-juye, ɗan tafiya mai tsada, kayan daki sun faɗi akan hanya. Waɗannan yanayi da ba kasafai ba amma masu haɗari ana kiran su dogon wutsiya. Yayin da samfurin zai iya zama cikakke ga miliyoyi na "al'ada" mil, yana iya kasawa a cikin matsanancin yanayin da bai taɓa gani ba. Shi ya sa gwaji na tushen yanayi, kwaikwaiyo da tabbatarwa na zahiri ba su da iyaka.
Karamin karatu
Case 1 - Darajar fusion. Yayin gwajin birki na gaggawa ta atomatik, ƙungiyar ADAS ta gano cewa tana jinkirin hango abin hawa mai launin duhu a gabanta a cikin rana mai haske tare da kyamara kawai. Lokacin da aka ƙara bayanan radar (radar ba ta da tasiri) tsarin yana gano abin hawa 0.4 seconds a baya; Wannan yana nufin nisan birki na kusan mita 10 a 90 km/h. Sakamako: Fusion ya rufe wurin makafi guda ɗaya.
Case na 2 - Ma'aunin Tunawa/daidaici. Lokacin da aka saukar da kofa na ƙirar gano masu tafiya a ƙasa, tunawa yana ƙaruwa daga 96% zuwa 99%, amma ƙimar ƙarya (inuwa, bushes) yana ƙaruwa, wanda ke haifar da birki mara amfani. Ƙungiyar tsaro ta yanke shawara: nisantar masu tafiya a ƙasa shine fifiko, amma ana kiyaye ta'aziyya ta hanyar kawar da ƙiyayyar ƙarya tare da haɗaka da dabaru. Ƙarshe: Zaɓin awo shine shawarar injiniya/tsaro, babu "lambar daidai" ɗaya.
Case 3 - Edge case mamaki. Yayin da samfurin ya sami nasara kashi 99.8 cikin ɗari a cikin sahihancin sa, ya kuskure hoton wani kato mai tafiya a ƙasa a bayan wata babbar mota ɗauke da tallan tayayar dusar ƙanƙara a filin don "mai tafiya a ƙasa na gaske" kuma ya birki ba zato ba tsammani. Ƙungiyar ta ƙara wannan harka ta gefen zuwa ɗakin karatu na labari kuma ta sake horar da ƙirar. Ƙarshe: Dogon wutsiya ba ya "ƙarewa"; Ana buƙatar tarin yanayi na dindindin.
m samfuri
Samfura 1 - Samar da lissafin yanayi:
Matsayi: Kai ne injiniyan shari'ar gwajin ADAS. Aiki: Samar da ƙalubalen gwaji (harshen gefen) don birki na gaggawa ta atomatik. Magana: Birni, 30-50 km/h, gauraye mai tafiya a ƙasa da mai keke. Ƙuntatawa: Ba da fifiko ga waɗanda ba kasafai/masu haɗari ba, ba sau da yawa ba; rubuta daidaitattun halayen da ake sa ran ga kowane yanayi.Fitowa: Scenario | yanayin | halin da ake tsammani | matakin hadarin.
Samfurin 2 - Takaddar jagorar lakabi:
Matsayi: Bayani mai ingancin jagorar.Aiki: Rubuta daftarin ƙa'idodin daidaito don lakabin masu tafiya a ƙasa.Tsarin: Akwai masu tafiya a wani bangare na bayyane, zaune, a cikin kujerun guragu, da kuma cikin ƙungiyoyi.Fitowa: Doka | misali | iyaka tebur matakin jiha.
Samfura 3 - Fassarar awo:
Matsayi: Masanin kimanta hangen nesa na kwamfuta. Aiki: Fassara sakamakon gano masu tafiya na. Ma'anar: daidaici 0.93, tuna 0.90, mafi yawan kewar dare ko cikin ruwan sama. Ƙuntatawa: jaddada mahimmancin kira ga tsaro; Faɗa mini a ƙarƙashin wane yanayi ake buƙatar ƙarin tabbaci. Fitowa: Sharhi + wuraren fifiko don ingantawa.
Samfura 4 - Fusion dabaru shaci:
Matsayi: Kai injiniyan haɗin firikwensin firikwensin. Aiki: Ba da shawarar daftarin dabarun yanke shawara lokacin da kyamara da radar ke rikici. Magana: Radar yana ganin ƙaramin abu mai motsi a mita 15 yayin da kamara ta ce 'babu mai tafiya a ƙasa'. Ƙuntatawa: Aiwatar da ƙa'idar zato don amincewa da aminci (gefe mai aminci). Fitowa: Teburin yanke shawara + barata.
Rauni mai ƙarfi / Ƙarfi mai ƙarfi
Rawanin faɗakarwa:
Shin samfurin abin hawa na mai cin gashin kansa yana da lafiya?
Ba tare da mahallin ba; "lafiya" ba a bayyana ba; AI yana magana ne kawai a cikin sharuɗɗan gabaɗaya kuma yana iya ba da tabbaci mai ruɗi.
Ƙarfi mai ƙarfi:
Matsayi: Kai ne mashawarcin kimanta tsaro na ADAS. Aiki: Ƙirƙiri jerin abubuwan dubawa don in yi tambaya game da lahani na samfurin gano masu tafiya. Magana: Tsarin Birni 2; Tuna faɗuwar dare da ruwan sama; Akwai kyamara + radar kawai, babu LiDAR. Ƙuntatawa: Kar a ayyana 'lafiya'; ƙayyade ƙarƙashin wane yanayi tsarin yake a iyakarsa da ƙarin ƙarin gwaji da ake buƙata. Fitowa: Yankin haɗari | me yasa | shawarar gwajin | muhimmancin tebur.
Kuskuren gama gari
- Kuskure Level 2 don "marasa direba". Alhakin yana kan direba; Wannan rashin fahimta yana da mutuwa.
- Dogaro da firikwensin guda ɗaya. Kowane firikwensin yana da wurin makaho; hadewa yana da mahimmanci.
- Kawai kallon matsakaicin daidaito. Nasarar 99%, 1% mai tafiya a ƙasa da aka rasa zai iya zama m; tunowa da shari'o'in gefe suna da mahimmanci.
- Yin watsi da matsanancin yanayi. Dogon wutsiya baya ƙarewa; Tarin yanayin yana ci gaba.
- Barin shawarar tsaro ga samfurin. Matsakaicin yanke shawara da daidaitawa alhakin injiniyan tsaro ne.
A takaice
- A cikin zuciyar ADAS da fahimtar tuki mai sarrafa kansa shine kamara, radar, LiDAR, da haɗin firikwensin; Kowane firikwensin yana da ƙarfi/rauni daban-daban.
- Sarkar ganowa ta ƙunshi ganowa, rarrabuwa, saka idanu, haɗuwa, tsinkaya, da sarrafawa; AI yana da ƙarfi a cikin matakan farko.
- Matakan SAE sun bambanta daga 0 zuwa 5; A mataki na 2, alhakin yana kan direba.
- Ƙarya mara kyau (samun ƙafar ƙafa) shine kuskure mafi muni; Tunawa da lamurra na gaba suna ɗaukar fifiko.
- Hukunce-hukuncen tsaro alhakin injiniya ne; Daidaiton samfurin ba shine kawai ma'auni ba.
Aikin aikace-aikace
Zaɓi aikin ADAS (misali taimakon kiyaye hanya). (1) Rubuta a cikin tebur wanda na'urori masu auna firikwensin ke goyan bayan wannan aikin da yadda kyau. (2) Ƙirƙirar yanayin yanayin gefen gefen 5 tare da Samfura 1 kuma ƙayyade halayen aminci da ake tsammanin ga kowane. (3) Kwatanta sakamakon karya tabbatacce da kuma na ƙarya ga wannan aikin. (4) Jera abin da ake buƙatar gwaji mai zaman kansa kafin yin da'awar ƙirar "lafiya ce".
jerin abubuwan dubawa
- [ ] Na kimanta ƙarfi/rauni na firikwensin gwargwadon aiki.
- [ ] Na kuma jera yanayin ƙarshen shari'ar (dogon wutsiya).
- [ ] Na kwatanta arya tabbatacce / sakamako mara kyau don aminci.
- [ ] Na yi la'akari da mahimmancin tsaro-mahimmancin Tunawa.
- [ ] Na fayyace matakin SAE da wanda ke da alhakin.
- [ ] Na shirya shirin gwaji mai zaman kansa kafin in yi iƙirarin "lafiya".