Riba:
- Ikon amfani da SfM photogrammetry, orthophoto, DSM/DTM da ra'ayoyin kula da ƙasa a cikin mahallin da ya dace tare da AI.
- Ikon gina shirin jirgin UAV, ƙimar ɗaukar hoto da tsammanin daidaito tare da ƙididdigar tallafin AI da jerin abubuwan dubawa.
- Ikon kimanta daidaiton fitowar hoto tare da wuraren sarrafawa masu zaman kansu da dabaru na RMSE
Photogrammetry shine dabarar auna matsayi mai girma uku da sifar abubuwa daga hotuna masu cunkoso. A yau, hanyar samar da mafi girma cikin sauri a cikin injiniyan bincike shine samar da orthophotos da samfuran ɗagawa daga ɗaruruwan hotuna da UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, wanda akafi sani da drone). A cikin wannan rukunin, mun rufe yadda hankali na wucin gadi ke tallafawa wannan tsari, daga shirin jirgin zuwa tantance daidaito. Ka'idar ba ta canzawa: software da AI suna samar da samfurin; Yarda da daidaiton matsayi ya kasance tare da injiniyan ta hanyar wuraren sarrafa ƙasa da iko mai zaman kansa.
Bari mu fayyace sharuddan. SfM (Tsarin Motsi) hanya ce da ke warware 3D geometry da matsayi na kamara ta hanyar daidaita maki gama gari a cikin hotunan da aka ɗauka daga kusurwoyi daban-daban; Ita ce jigon software na hoto na zamani. Orthophoto hoto ne na iska tare da ma'auni daidai, kamar taswira, tare da kawar da gurɓatawar hangen nesa. DSM (Model Surface Digital) wani samfurin ɗagawa ne na saman saman da ya haɗa da gine-gine da bishiyoyi. DTM (Digital Terrain Model) shine samfurin haɓakar ƙasa mara kyau. GCP (Ground Control Point; GCP a Turanci) alamun maki ne waɗanda aka auna daidai daga filin, suna bayyana a cikin hotuna kuma suna haɗa samfurin zuwa haɗin kai na gaske. Matsakaicin jeri shine yawan adadin hotunan makwabta da ke rufe juna.
Matsayin AI a cikin Hoto
AI tana tallafawa wurare huɗu a cikin wannan aikin:
- Tsarin jirgin sama da lissafi. Yana taimakawa wajen ƙididdige tsayin jirgin, rabon murfin da adadin hotuna don nisan samfurin ƙasa da ake so (GSD: girman da kowane pixel ke rufewa a ƙasa), kuma yana ƙirƙirar jerin abubuwan dubawa.
- Pre-duba ingancin inganci. Yana kafa dabarar bincike wanda ke nuna hotunan da ba su da kyau, rashin isashen rufewa, da matsalolin rarraba GCP.
- Rarraba fitarwa da tsaftacewa. Yana taimakawa a cikin ayyuka kamar abu (gini / itace) tacewa da gano girgije / inuwa a cikin orthophoto don samar da DTM daga DSM.
- Takaitaccen rahoto da daidaito. Yana sa RMSE (Kuskuren Ma'anar Tushen Ma'ana; ma'aunin karkata a wuraren sarrafawa) tebur da rahoton daidaito ana iya karantawa.
Makafi tabo: AI baya ganin yanayin jiki na jirgin da gaskiyar yanayin. Idan akwai rashin isassun GCP, mummunan murfin ko jirgin sama mai iska, babu software/AI da zai iya gyara wannan daga baya. Mutunci yana farawa a filin wasa.
Tukwici: Sanya daidaitaccen burin ku a lambobi daga farko. "Bari ya kasance mai aminci" yana da shakku; Makasudin ma'auni ne "wanda aka yi niyya a ± 3 cm a kwance da ± 5 cm a tsaye, wanda RMSE ya tabbatar tare da wuraren sarrafawa masu zaman kansu."
Mataki-mataki: UAV Photogrammetry Workflow
- Saita daidaito da GSD manufa. Daidaiton da ake so yana ƙayyade GSD kuma saboda haka tsayin jirgin. Gabaɗaya doka: daidaiton matsayi yana kan tsari na ƴan GSDs.
- Shirya jirgin. Rabon ɗaukar hoto (yawanci gaba 75-80%, gefe 65-70%), tsayin jirgi, adadin hotuna. AI na iya samar da wannan lissafin da lissafin lissafi.
- Sanya kuma auna GCPs. Daidai auna tare da GNSS isassun adadin GCPs a cikin sasanninta da a tsakiya don rufe yankin daidai. Ware wasu daga cikinsu a matsayin wuraren sarrafawa masu zaman kansu waɗanda ba sa shigar da samfurin.
- Tsara shi. Daidaitawa tare da SfM, georeferencing tare da GCP, gajimare mai yawa, DSM, tsarar hoto.
- Farashin DTM. Canja daga DSM zuwa DTM ta hanyar tace abubuwan da ba a kasa ba.
- Tabbatar. Yi ƙididdige RMSE a wuraren sarrafawa ɗaya; Shin ya kai hari?
Abubuwan Kula da ƙasa da RMSE
Daidaita samfurin hoto zuwa ainihin duniya ya dogara da GCPs. GCPs suna ba da sikeli da wuri ga ƙirar; Idan ba su isa a adadi ba ko kuma ba a rarraba su ba (duk a kusurwa ɗaya), ƙirar za ta kasance daidai a cikin yanki ɗaya kuma a karkace a wani. Hanyar da za a auna daidaito a gaskiya ita ce kiyaye wasu daga cikin GCPs a matsayin wuraren sarrafawa masu zaman kansu ta hanyar rashin daidaita su da kuma ƙididdige RMSE ta hanyar kwatanta ƙimar su a cikin samfurin tare da ainihin ma'auni. Ba a la'akari da ƙirar daidai kawai saboda dacewa (saura) akan GCP yayi ƙasa; Wannan kamar nasara ne akan bayanan horo.
Tsanaki: Idan kun yi amfani da duk maki masu alama azaman GCPs kuma ku bar wuraren sarrafawa masu zaman kansu, ba za ku sami wata shaida mai zaman kanta don auna daidaito ba. Koyaushe tanadi ƴan maki don dubawa.
Karamin Harkoki guda uku: Ta Lambobi
Case 1 - Kuskuren rarraba GCP. A cikin filin da ke da hectare 40, 5 daga cikin GCPs 6 sun kasance a kudancin rabin filin. Samfurin ya ba da rarrabuwa na ± 3 cm a kudu da ± 25 cm a arewa. Shingayen bincike masu zaman kansu sun bayyana wannan murdiya a yankin; Lokacin da aka rarraba GCPs a ko'ina kuma aka sake sarrafa jirgin, daidaito ya ragu zuwa ± 4 cm a arewa.
Case 2 - Kuskuren DSM na DTM. A cikin ƙididdige ƙididdigewa, ƙungiyar ta wuce gona da iri da kusan 12% ta hanyar ɗauka cewa DSM tana ƙasa kai tsaye a cikin wani yanki mai katako. Lokacin da aka samar da DTM tare da tace ƙasa mai goyon bayan AI kuma aka maimaita lissafin, ƙarar ya zo kusa da gaskiya. Darasi: Ana amfani da DTM a cikin girma da aikin jeans.
Case 3 - Rashin isasshen ɗaukar hoto. Lokacin da ɗaukar hoto ya ragu zuwa 55% akan wasu layukan saboda iska, SfM yayi mummunan wasa a wannan yanki kuma ƙirar ta fito da ramuka. Ingantattun pre-check ya nuna yankin ƙananan murfin; An sake tashi wannan bangare. Darasi: An bayar da murfin a cikin filin, ba za a iya ƙera shi daga baya ba.
Rauni Mai Sauƙi / Ƙarfi Mai ƙarfi
Rawanin faɗakarwa:
Zan yi taswira da jirgi mara matuki, gaya mani abin da ya kamata in yi.
Ƙarfi mai ƙarfi:
Aiki: Ƙirƙirar jirgin hoto na UAV da daidaiton shirin. Mahimmanci: - Yanki: ~ 40 ha, lebur-dauki, ƙananan katako - Daidaitaccen manufa: a kwance ± 3 cm, a tsaye ± 5 cm- Kamara: [sensor / mayar da hankali], GSD da ake so: 2 cmBuƙatun: 1) Rubuta kimanin tsayin jirgin sama da ma'ana don GSD 2 cm.2) Shawarwar ra'ayi na GSD da kuma rarrabawa kawai. Nawa ne zan ajiye a matsayin wuraren bincike masu zaman kansu? 4) Rubuta bambancin DSM/DTM kuma wane fitarwa ake buƙata don wane aiki.5) Tabbatarwa: matakin tabbatarwa tare da RMSE a wuraren bincike masu zaman kansu.
Ƙarfi mai ƙarfi ya haɗa da manufa ta lamba, yanayin filin da shirin tabbatarwa; Fitowar ta zama mai aiki.
Samfura guda huɗu masu Kwafi
1) Lissafin sigar jirgin:
Kimanin tsayin jirgin da ake so don GSD [x cm] da kamara [sensor/mayar da hankali], ba da shawarar rabon murfin, kimanta adadin hotuna. Rubuta zato a sarari; Lura cewa ainihin ƙimar yana buƙatar tabbatar da software.
2) Tsarin GCP:
Ba da shawarar dabarar shimfidar GCP don [yanki/girma/siffa]: maki nawa, yadda ake rarrabawa, nawa ya kamata a keɓance don sarrafawa mai zaman kansa. Bayyana haɗarin rashin rarrabawa (duk a kusurwa ɗaya).
3) DSM-> DTM aiki:
Rubuta matakan tace ƙasa don samar da DTM daga gajimare/DSM aya. Ƙayyade abubuwan (gini, itace) don cirewa da kuma yadda za a tabbatar da sakamakon tare da sashin bayanin martaba. Bayyana dalilin da yasa ake buƙatar DTM don aikin girma/matakin.
4) Sahihin rahoton:
Yi lissafta RMSE a kwance da tsaye daga madaidaicin madaidaicin wurin sarrafawa, kwatanta da daidaiton manufa, yin fassarori / gazawar fassarar da nuna kowane yanki mai rauni. Bayanai: [bangarewar wurin sarrafawa]
Kwatancen Kayayyakin Hoto
Samfura
Me yake wakilta?
Yawan amfani
Hankali
orthophoto
Ma'auni daidaitaccen hoton iska
Basemap, digitization
Gefen murdiya
DSM
saman saman (gini + itace)
Binciken inuwa/gani
Ba kasa bane
DTM
kasa maras kyau
Denim, girma, gangara
Tace inganci
batu girgije
3D maki masu yawa
Ma'aunin 3D, sashin giciye
tsaftacewa amo
YKN
Georeference tushe
tushen gaskiya
Rarraba mai mahimmanci
Kuskuren gama gari
- Amfani da DSM maimakon DTM. Babban kuskure a cikin haɓakawa da ƙididdiga girma.
- Barin babu wuraren bincike masu zaman kansu. Babu wata shaida mai zaman kanta da ta rage don auna daidaito.
- Rarraba GCPs mara kyau. Wani yanki daidai ne, ɗayan kuma gurɓacce ne.
- Barin adadin ɗaukar hoto bai isa ba a filin. Samfurin da ba a iya dawo da shi ba, mai raɗaɗi.
- Ba saita makasudin daidaito a lambobi ba. "Babban daidaito" ba za a iya auna ko tabbatarwa ba.
- Tunanin cewa orthophoto yayi daidai don aunawa. Hargitsi yana faruwa a kusa da gefuna da manyan abubuwa.
a takaice
Hankali na wucin gadi a cikin hoto na UAV; Taimako ne mai ƙarfi a cikin lissafin shirin jirgin, ingantaccen pre-dubawa, tsarar DTM daga DSM da ingantaccen rahoto. Duk da haka, an kafa harsashin daidaiton matsayi a cikin filin: lambar daidai da daidaitattun wuraren kula da ƙasa, isasshen murfin da maƙasudin ƙididdiga. Ma'auni na gaskiya na daidaito shine RMSE da aka ƙididdige su a wuraren sarrafawa guda ɗaya waɗanda ba su shigar da samfurin ba. Yi amfani da DTM koyaushe don aikin denim da girma; DSM shine saman saman.
Aikin aikace-aikace
Zana aikin UAV: ƙayyade girman filin, GSD manufa, da maƙasudin daidaito na lamba (misali a kwance ±3 cm). Samun AI don samar da tsayin jirgin sama, rabon murfin da dabarun GCP; Rubuta maki nawa zaku tanadi don sarrafawa mai zaman kansa. Sannan lissafta RMSE akan tebur karkatar da ma'auni mai ma'ana kuma tambaya "shin ya ci maƙasudin?" Yi sharhi kuma tabbatar da sakamakon da kanka.
jerin abubuwan dubawa
- [ ] Na saita maƙasudin daidaito na lambobi da GSD.
- [ ] Na tsara rabon ɗaukar hoto (gaba/gefe) daidai.
- [ ] Na rarraba GCPs daidai gwargwado kuma na yi amfani da su da isassun lambobi.
- [ ] Na tanadi wasu maki don sarrafawa mai zaman kansa.
- [ ] Na samar da DTM, ba DSM ba, don denim/volume.
- [ ] Na tabbatar da tacewar ƙasa tare da sashin bayanin martaba.
- [ ] Na ƙididdige RMSE a wuraren sarrafawa guda ɗaya.
- [ ] Na ƙaddamar da yarda da daidaito ga amincewar injiniya.