Riba:
- Ability don bayyana yadda ake yin lithology, kuskure da taswirar gyare-gyare tare da AI a cikin tauraron dan adam da hotuna na iska.
- Ability don tsara aikin aiki wanda ke fitar da ma'adinai da alamomin tsari daga bayanan multispectral / hyperspectral
- Ikon gwada abubuwan gano nesa mai nisa tare da gaskiyar ƙasa da mahallin ƙasa
Taswirar kasa ita ce tsinkayar labarin kasa na yanki a saman: wacce rukunin dutsen yake, ina ne kurakuran suka wuce, a wane bangare ne yadudduka suka karkata. A al'ada, wannan taswira samfuri ne wanda masanin ilimin ƙasa ke samarwa ta hanyar tafiya daga waje zuwa waje, tare da watanni na aikin filin. A yau, hangen nesa mai nisa da hankali na wucin gadi yana haɓaka yawancin wannan tsari. A cikin wannan rukunin, za mu ga yadda lithology, kuskure da sauye-sauye (canjin sinadarai na dutse tare da ruwa na hydrothermal; mai nuna alama mai mahimmanci a cikin binciken ma'adinai) ana yin taswira tare da basirar wucin gadi daga tauraron dan adam / hotuna na iska, kuma mafi mahimmanci, yadda aka gwada waɗannan abubuwan da aka samo tare da gaskiyar ƙasar.
Gargadi daga farko: Hoton nesanta shi ne ma'auni, ba fassarar ba; Amma duk taswirar da aka samo daga wannan ma'aunin tafsiri ne kuma akwai kuskure a cikin tafsirin. "Yankin canji" da aka yiwa alama da hankali na wucin gadi zai iya zama ainihin alamar ma'adinai, busasshen fili, inuwa, ko tashin hankali na yanayi. Taswirar hasashe ne har sai an tabbatar da shi a cikin filin.
Basic Physics of Nesa Hankali
Kowane ma'adinai da dutse suna nuna hasken rana a tsawon tsayi daban-daban a farashi daban-daban; wannan shi ake kira sa hannu na kallo. Idon ɗan adam yana ganin haske ne kawai (ja-kore-shuɗi), amma na'urorin firikwensin tauraron dan adam suna auna kewayo mai faɗi da yawa, gami da infrared. Biyu na asali Concepts:
Ma'auni na hoto da yawa a cikin manyan madaukai masu tsayi masu yawa (yawanci 4-12 makada); misali, Landsat da Sentinel tauraron dan adam. Yana bambanta m duwatsu. Hoto na hyperspectral, a gefe guda, yana auna a cikin ɗaruruwan kunkuntar makada kuma yana iya gane ma'adanai kusan daga "hantsin yatsa"; Ana amfani dashi don bambance ma'adanai masu canzawa (kamar kaolinite, alunite, illite).
AI yana yin ayyuka guda biyu a nan: na farko, yana rarraba wannan bayanai masu girma dabam (wanda pixel shine lithology / ma'adinai). Na biyu, yana fitar da kuskure da sifofi na tsari daga sifofin geometric na hoton (lineaments, texture, drainage network). Lokacin da aka ƙara Model Dijital Elevation Model (DEM a takaice; taswirar ɗagawa mai girma uku), gangara, al'amari da layi na topographic suma an haɗa su cikin bincike.
Mataki zuwa mataki: canjin aikin taswira
- Shirya hoton. Gyaran yanayi (cire tasirin gurbataccen yanayi), rufewar girgije, abin rufe fuska na ciyayi. Idan aka tsallake wannan matakin gaba dayan sakamakon zai gurbata.
- Ƙaddamar da yankin ku na sha'awa. Ƙayyade yankin binciken zuwa yanayin yanayin ƙasa (sanannen kuskure, samuwar, fita); Ba da mahallin samfurin.
- Yi lissafin fihirisar gani. Matsakaicin adadin da ke haskaka takamaiman ƙungiyoyin ma'adinai (misali ga baƙin ƙarfe oxides, ma'adinan yumbu).
- Raba. Leken asiri na wucin gadi yana rarraba pixels/yankuna kuma yana nuna yiwuwar canza yankuna.
- Jadawalin tabbatar da ƙasa. Zaɓi maki samfurin daga yankuna masu alama kuma duba su a cikin filin. Idan ba tare da wannan mataki ba za a sanya hannu kan taswirar.
Matsayi da Iyaka na Hankali na Artificial a cikin Binciken Hoto
Musamman, AI yana rage nau'ikan kurakurai guda biyu: yana kama abubuwan da ba a kula da su ba, kuma yana daidaita fassarori marasa daidaituwa. Amma yana haifar da kurakurai na tsari guda uku. Na farko tabbataccen ƙarya ne: ciyayi, inuwa, tsarin ɗan adam, ko danshin ƙasa na iya bayyana yana canzawa. Na biyu shine horar da son rai: idan an horar da samfurin akan bayanai daga wani yanki, zai zama ba daidai ba akan lithology daban-daban na rukunin yanar gizon ku. Na uku shine tunanin ma'auni: pixel ɗaya yana rufe dubun mita a ƙasa; Kyawawan sifofi sun ɓace, gaurayawan pixels (kayayyaki da yawa a cikin pixel ɗaya) suna yaudara.
Don haka ka'idar zinare: gaskiya ta ƙasa koyaushe tana nasara. Taswirar da ke fitowa daga hoton ba za a iya la'akari da tabbatacce ba tare da gwada shi tare da samfurori da abubuwan lura a wuraren da aka zaɓa a cikin filin. Ba a zaɓen wuraren tabbatarwa ba da gangan, amma bisa dabara, don rufe yankunan "tabbas" da "m" duka.
Karamin Harkoki guda uku: Ta Lambobi
Case 1 - Ƙuntataccen wurin bincike. Wani kamfanin bincike yana kimanta yankin lasisi na 1,200 km². Rabe-rabe-taimakawar bayanan sirri na wucin gadi daga bayanan hyperspectral ya rage yankin zuwa yankuna 7 da ake hari na 38km². Maimakon ziyartar yankin gaba ɗaya, ƙungiyar filin ta ba da fifiko ga waɗannan yankuna 7; An rage lokacin yakin neman zabe na farko da kusan kashi 70%. 5 daga cikin yankuna 7 sun nuna canji na gaske a cikin filin, 2 sun kasance tabbataccen ƙarya (ƙasa mai laka) - ba tare da tabbatarwa ba, da waɗannan yankuna 2 sun yi hasarar hakowa.
Case 2 - Laifi taswira zane na farko. DEM da nazarin layin da aka fitar da hoto sun ba da shawarar ƙananan layi biyu tare da babban laifin da aka sani. Daya ya juya ya zama ainihin kuskure a filin; ɗayan kuma ya zama yanayin yanayin hanyar bututun mai. Samfurin ya kama tsarin lissafi daidai amma ya kasa bambanta asalinsa; Ya bambanta tsakanin sanin yanayin ƙasa da sarrafa filin.
Case 3 - Cloud inuwa yaudara. A wani yanki samfurin ya yi alama mai ƙarfi "canjin oxide baƙin ƙarfe" akan gangaren arewa. Gyaran yanayi bai cika ba kuma sa hannun haƙiƙanin murɗaɗɗen murfin girgije ne. Lokacin da aka sake sarrafa hoton kuma aka gyara, abin da bai dace ba ya ɓace. Darasi: precessing kuskure wawaye har da mafi ci gaba model.
Rauni Mai Sauƙi / Ƙarfi Mai ƙarfi
Rawanin faɗakarwa:
Nuna wuraren da za a iya samun nakiyoyi a wannan hoton tauraron dan adam.
Ƙarfi mai ƙarfi:
Matsayinku: Masanin ilimin yanayin nesa. Fassara ma'auni mai zuwa da ƙimar rabo na band (hoton Sentinel-2, yanki mara kyau, ciyayi mara kyau) - Ga kowane yanki mai yuwuwar canzawa: rubuta abin da ma'anar / rabo ya jawo shi. (babba / matsakaici / low) - Kada ku gabatar da kowane yanki a matsayin "mined"; "Dole ne a tabbatar da alamar canji": [index/rate table + context]
Ƙarfi mai ƙarfi yana tilasta samfurin don lissafa abubuwan da ba daidai ba da kansa kuma ya guje wa da'awar daidaito.
Samfura guda huɗu masu Kwafi
1) Jerin abubuwan da aka riga aka aiwatar:
Bincika matakan aiwatar da matakan da ƙila an cire su a cikin gudanawar aikin hangen nesa mai zuwa: gyaran yanayi, gajimare/maskurar inuwa, abin rufe fuska ciyayi, gyare-gyaren yanayi, daidaita yanayin firikwensin. Yi bayani a cikin jumla ɗaya ga kowane yadda matakan da suka ɓace zasu iya karkata ga ƙarshe. Aikin aiki: [ma'anar]
2) Canja wurin fassarar yanki:
Cire ƙungiyoyin ma'adinai masu yuwuwar canza su daga ma'auni masu ƙima (laka, baƙin ƙarfe oxide, carbonate, silica). Ga kowane rukuni: ƙididdiga masu tayar da hankali, matakin amincewa, madadin bayanin (ƙarya mai kyau), binciken filin da aka ba da shawara. Da'awar tabbas. Bayanai: [indexes]
3) Layi/Rabuwar Laifi:
Yi la'akari da jerin layin layi a ƙasa. Lissafa yuwuwar asalin kowane: kuskure, iyakar faranti, dyke, magudanar ruwa, tsarin ɗan adam (hanya/layi/filin), iyakar ciyayi. Bayyana asalin da ya fi dacewa tare da mahallin ƙasa, amma barin kawai yuwuwar. Jeri: [Linearities + context]
4)Tsarin wurin tabbatarwa:
Ba da shawarar tsarin tabbatar da filin don taswirar canji/lithology mai zuwa: - Maki nawa nawa ga kowane aji, me yasa.- Madaidaicin samfurin yankuna "tabbatacce" da "tambaya" - Bayanan shiga da tsaro. Taswirar taswira: [aji da wurare]
Nau'in Hoto da Yankin Amfani
Nau'in bayanai
Menene ma'auni
Karfinsa shine
iyaka
Multispectral (Sentinel/Landsat)
watsa labarai
M lithology, binciken yanki
Rabuwar ma'adinai yana da iyaka
hyperspectral
Daruruwan kunkuntar makada
Ma'adinai/bambancin canji
Farashin, sarrafa sama
DEM (tsawo)
topography
Laifi/ layi, magudanar ruwa
Lithology ba ya bayar
thermal infrared
yanayin zafi
Wasu silicate / carbonate
m ga yanayi
Radar (SAR)
Ƙunƙarar yanayi / nakasa
Ƙarƙashin gajimare, ƙasƙanci / zaftarewar ƙasa
Tafsiri yana da rikitarwa
Tukwici: Yi amfani da fitowar ji na nesa azaman “shafi mai fifikon dubawa,” ba “taswirar hakowa ba.” Babban darajarsa ita ce ta gaya muku inda za ku fara; Shaidar filin da injiniyan sun yanke shawarar inda za su haƙa.
Tsanaki: Ko da mafi girman rarrabuwa yana haifar da kurakurai na tsari idan an bar aiwatarwa kafin aiwatarwa (gyaran yanayi da yanayin yanayi, abin rufe fuska). Idan akwai "fitarwa yana da ban mamaki" tambayar da aka fara aiwatarwa, ba samfurin ba. Sharar da ke ciki, ƙa'idar ƙa'ida ba ta da tausayi a nan.
Kuskuren gama gari
- Tsallake aiwatarwa. Kuskuren rashin daidaituwa daga hotunan da ba a gyara ba don ainihin ilimin ƙasa.
- Manta abubuwan karya. Tsire-tsire masu kuskure, inuwa, danshi na ƙasa da tsarin ɗan adam a matsayin gyare-gyare/aibi.
- Sa hannu ba tare da gaskiya ba. Ƙaddamar da yanke shawarar hakowa akan taswirar hoto ba tare da tabbatar da shi a cikin filin ba.
- Sikelin ruɗi. Manta girman pixel da yin watsi da gaskiyar cewa kyawawan sifofi sun ɓace ko gauraye pixels suna yaudara.
- Yin watsi da son zuciya na ilimi. A makance amfani da samfurin da aka horar a wani yanki zuwa filin da ke da nau'in lithology daban-daban.
A takaice
- Hankali mai nisa yana auna sa hannu na ma'adanai a tsawon ma'auni daban-daban; Yana bambanta m multispectral m da hyperspectral lafiya.
- Leken asiri na wucin gadi yana rarraba wannan babban bayanai mai girma kuma yana fitar da kuskure/daidaitacce daga tsarin geometric; amma yana haifar da halayen ƙarya, horar da son zuciya, da ƙima.
- Preprocessing (gyaran yanayi / yanayin yanayi, masking) yana ƙayyade ingancin sakamakon; Idan an cire shi, kuskuren tsari zai faru.
- Hannun nesa shine kayan aikin tantancewa/fififiyya; Ba a yi la'akari da taswirar daidai ba tare da an gwada shi da gaskiya ba.
- Gaskiyar ƙasa koyaushe tana yin nasara; Ya kamata wuraren tabbatarwa su rufe wasu yankuna da wuraren da ake tuhuma cikin daidaito.
Aikin aikace-aikace
Bata sunan ma'aunin ma'auni/bangaren rabo ko jerin layin layi na DEM da kuke da shi don wurin aiki (ko yankin bayanan buɗaɗɗe). Fassara yuwuwar canje-canje ko kurakurai tare da saurin gaggawa kuma a sa samfurin ya ba da shawarar aƙalla tushen tabbataccen ƙarya ɗaya ga kowane yanki. Sannan zana tsarin sarrafa rukunin yanar gizo tare da samfurin “verification point plan”; Lura a cikin jumla ɗaya maki nawa ne aka raba zuwa yankuna "masu tuhuma" da dalilin da yasa kuke yin daidaitaccen samfuri.
jerin abubuwan dubawa
- [] Zan iya bambanta abin da ma'auni na multispectral da hyperspectral da abin da ake amfani da su.
- [ ] Na san yadda matakan da aka riga aka tsara (datsawa, masking) ke shafar sakamakon.
- [ ] Ina tambayar tushen tabbataccen ƙarya (ciyayi, inuwa, wanda mutum ya yi) a cikin sauye-sauye/sakamakon kuskure.
- [ ] Ina kallon taswirar ji mai nisa azaman kayan aikin dubawa kuma na gwada shi tare da tabbatar da ƙasa.
- [ ] Zan iya tsara wuraren tabbatarwa don daidaita wasu yankunan da ake tuhuma.