Riba:
- Ikon samar da dabaru na Tsani da Tsarin Rubutu (ST) azaman zane tare da AI
- Ability don saita da'irori aminci, interlocks da injunan jihohi tare da taimakon AI
- Ikon tabbatar da dabaru na PLC da aka samar da AI akan taswirar I/O da buƙatun aminci
Sunan abin dogaro a filin masana'anta shine PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). Masu jigilar kaya, sel mutum-mutumi, layukan cikawa, latsawa; PLCs ne ke sarrafa su. Shirye-shiryen PLC duniya ce baya ga software na tebur: Ladder Logic (LD) harshe ne na gani wanda ke kwaikwayon dabaru na relay, yayin da Structured Text (ST) harshe ne na rubutu kamar Pascal; Dukansu an bayyana su a cikin ma'aunin IEC 61131-3. A cikin wannan yanayi, abu mafi mahimmanci ba aiki ba ne amma aminci; saboda kuskuren tunani na iya kashe latsa a lokacin da bai dace ba, yana jefa mai aiki cikin haɗari. AI yana taimakawa wajen samar da tsani da zane-zane na ST, gina injunan jihohi da rubuta dabaru. Koyaya, da'irori na aminci, kulle-kulle da tabbatarwa na ƙarshe alhakin injiniya ne kuma ba za a iya wakilta zuwa AI ba. A cikin wannan rukunin, mun rufe yadda ake ginawa da tabbatar da dabaru na PLC tare da AI.
Dabarun Aiki na PLC: Zagayowar Bidiyo
PLC ba kawai gudanar da lambar sau ɗaya ba kuma an yi shi; Yana aiwatar da zagayowar dubawa mai ci gaba. A cikin kowane madauki: (1) karanta duk abubuwan da aka shigar, (2) aiwatar da dabaru daga sama zuwa kasa, (3) sabunta duk abubuwan da aka fitar. Wannan sake zagayowar yana ɗaukar millise seconds kuma yana maimaitawa mara iyaka. Wannan halin yana da sakamako mai mahimmanci lokacin rubuta dabaru na PLC:
- Ana sabunta abubuwan da aka fitar a ƙarshen madauki; Idan ka sanya ƙima ga fitarwa a wuri fiye da ɗaya a cikin madauki, aikin ƙarshe ya ci nasara.
- Hankali yana aiki daga karce a kowane zagayowar; don haka ana amfani da latch ko jihohi masu canji don "tunawa" yanayi.
- Ana iya rasa abubuwan da suka faru cikin sauri idan an tsawaita lokacin dubawa; Abubuwan da suka faru masu mahimmanci ana kama su ta hanyar katsewar kayan aiki ko na'ura mai sauri.
Tukwici: Lokacin rubuta ma'anar PLC zuwa AI ta ce "la'akari da halayen madauki, babu wani aiki mai karo da juna zuwa wannan fitarwa, yi amfani da injin latch / jiha don jiha". AI wani lokaci yana tunani kamar dabaru na tebur kuma ya tsallake halayen dubawa.
Hannun Tsani da Rubutu Mai Tsari
Ana iya rubuta dabaru iri ɗaya a cikin harsuna biyu. Misali mai sauƙi: Mota yana farawa lokacin da aka danna maɓallin farawa, tsayawa da ɗaukar kai lokacin da aka danna maɓallin tsayawa.
LADDER (nuni na rubutu): Fara Injin Tsayawa ---| |---|/|------ --- | Inji |---| |---+ (Motar lamba tana riƙe da kanta -> hatimi) Bayani: Lokacin da aka danna Fara, Injin yana ƙarfafawa; Motar tana kula da halin yanzu ta hanyar tuntuɓar sa (hatimin shiga). Lokacin da aka danna Stop (NC), an yanke sarkar.
(* Ma'ana daya da TSRUCTURED TEXT *)IDAN YA FARA KAR KA DAINA SAI INJI := GASKIYA;END_IF;IDAN A Dakata TO Injin:= KARYA; (* Tsaya koyaushe yana ɗaukar fifiko *) END_IF; (* Lura: Maɓallin Tsaida yana haɗe da NC a zahiri (a koyaushe yana rufe); don haka idan kebul ɗin ya karye, Tsaya = KARYA kuma tsarin yana canzawa zuwa gefen aminci. *)
Dalla-dalla na aminci a nan yana da mahimmanci: Maɓallin tsayawa yana haɗe ta zahiri a rufe (NC). Don haka, idan akwai tsinkewar kebul ko gazawar lamba, an yanke siginar kuma tsarin yana zuwa “tsayawa” shugabanci ( kasa-lafiya). Idan NO (wanda aka saba buɗewa) aka haɗa, tasha ba za ta yi aiki ba idan kebul ɗin ya karye-laifi shiru mai haɗari. Ko da lambar AI tana da alama daidai daidai, wannan shawarar haɗin jiki ya rage ga injiniyan.
Tsaro: E-Stop, Lockout and Fail-Safe
Tsaro a cikin sarrafa kansa na masana'antu ba batun bane wanda za'a iya "aiki a cikin software"; Haɗin gwiwa ne na kayan masarufi da software. Ka'idoji na asali:
ka'ida
Ma'ana
Aikace-aikace
kasa-lafiya
Rashin gazawa ya kamata ya kai ga gefen aminci
NC lamba, laifi=tsaya
Maimaituwa
Mahimman ayyuka biyu tashoshi
Lambobi biyu, saka idanu na giciye
Yin cudanya
Hana yanayin haɗari
Injin baya aiki lokacin da ƙofar ke buɗe
e-tsaya
Tasha gaggawa mai zaman kanta
A matakin hardware, mai zaman kansa daga PLC
Mahimmin batu: E-stop ba a bar shi ga software kadai ba. Ana kuma katse dakatarwar gaggawar da ke da alaƙa da aminci a matakin hardware ta hanyar relays aminci ko aminci PLC; daidaitaccen software na PLC ƙarin Layer ne akan wannan. ISO 13849 (amincin inji) da IEC 62061 suna ba da tsarin waɗannan ƙirar.
Tsanaki: Kar a ɗauka cewa E-stop ko maƙallan kulle AI-ƙirƙira ya "isa software". An ƙirƙira ayyukan tsaro bisa ga ma'auni masu dacewa (ISO 13849 PL, IEC 62061 SIL), sun haɗa da Layer kayan aiki kuma an tabbatar da su ta hanyar kimanta haɗari. Wannan kimantawa alhakin injiniya ne da kungiyar; AI na iya samar da shaci-fadi da jerin abubuwan dubawa kawai.
Injin Jiha
An tsara ma'auni mai rikitarwa ta atomatik tare da na'ura na jiha maimakon rikici idan ba haka ba: tsarin ya samo wasu jihohi (Rasa, Farawa, Gudu, Tsayawa, Kuskure) kuma yana ci gaba ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun canji. Wannan tsarin duka abin karantawa ne kuma ana iya tabbatarwa.
(* Sauƙaƙe na'ura mai sauƙi na jihar *) CASE na 0: (* BOSTA *) IDAN StartButton DA Rufe SAI Case: = 10; END_IF; 10: (* CIKA *) Valve: = GASKIYA; IDAN Level Cikakke TO Valve:= KARYA; Matsayi: = 20; END_IF; IDAN BA'A Rufe BA TO Valve:= KARYA; Matsayi: = 90; END_IF; (* aminci *) 20: (* DRAIN *) TSARKI:= GASKIYA; IDAN LevelEmpty SAI KASHI:= KARYA; Matsayi: = 0; END_IF; 90: (* KUSKURE *) Valve:= KARYA; Ba komai:= KARYA; (* duk masu kunnawa suna lafiya *) IDAN Sake saitinButton TO Matsayi: = 0; END_IF; END_CASE;
A cikin wannan tsari, sauye-sauyen aminci (je zuwa yanayin kuskure idan an buɗe murfin, rufe duk masu kunnawa) an haɗa su a fili a kowane yanayi. AI yana haifar da kwarangwal na injin jihar da sauri; Amma wane lamari na tsaro zai fito daga wane yanayi ya fito daga binciken hadarin ku.
Rauni Mai Sauƙi / Ƙarfi Mai ƙarfi
RAUNIYA: "Rubuta lambar PLC don mai jigilar kaya." (Rasa aiki, Gudu, Kuskure) Dakata koyaushe yana ɗaukar fifiko, je zuwa Kuskure lokacin da Murfin ya buɗe kuma kashe injin ɗin.
Mini Case
Injiniyan sarrafa kansa Tolga yana buƙatar lambar ST daga AI don layin marufi. AI yana samar da lambar da ta bayyana tana aiki, amma lokacin da Tolga ya inganta shi akan taswirar I / O, ya sami matsaloli biyu. Na farko: AI ya bi da maɓallin Tsayawa tare da NO (budewa kullum) dabaru; Tolga yana juya wannan zuwa NC gaza-lafiya dabaru, domin idan na USB ya karye, layin dole ne ya tsaya. Na biyu: kullewa, wanda dole ne injin ya tsaya lokacin da murfin kariya ya buɗe, ana duba shi kawai a farawa, ba lokacin aiki ba; Tolga yana gyara shi don a duba shi a kowane zagayowar dubawa. Hakanan yana tabbatar da cewa ainihin E-Stop ba a bar shi ga software ba, amma kuma an katse shi a cikin kayan masarufi tare da saƙon aminci. AI ya ba da kwarangwal ɗin hankali da sauri; Amma tabbaci na injiniyan ya sami amintattun yanke shawara guda uku na aminci: haɗin kai mara lafiya, kulle dindindin da E-Stop.
Kuskuren gama gari
- Haɗa maɓallin Tsayawa/E-stop zuwa NO da rasa halayen rashin aminci a yanayin tsinkewar kebul.
- Duban haɗakarwa (rufe, labule mai haske) kawai a farawa da tsallake shi a cikin aiki.
- Barin aikin tsaro gaba ɗaya zuwa software da watsi da Layer na hardware.
- Mantawa da halayen madauki na duba da yin ayyuka masu karo da juna zuwa fitarwa iri ɗaya.
- Yin hadaddun dabaru ba za a iya tantancewa ta hanyar rubuta shi da ɓarna idan ba haka ba maimakon injin jiha.
- Yarda da fassarar AI na ma'aunin tsaro ba tare da tabbatar da shi tare da rubutun hukuma ba.
A takaice
- PLC yana aiki tare da ci gaba da zagayowar dubawa; Ana sabunta abubuwan da aka fitar a ƙarshen madauki.
- Tsani da Tsarin Rubutu suna bayyana dabaru iri ɗaya a cikin harsuna biyu daban-daban na IEC 61131-3.
- Maɓallan Tsayawa / E-tsayawa NC da kasa-lafiya ana haɗa su; gazawar yakamata ya kai ga bangaren lafiya.
- Ana duba kulle-kulle kowane zagayowar dubawa; Ya haɗa da Layer hardware Layer.
- Injin Jiha yana yin hadaddun dabaru waɗanda za'a iya karantawa da tabbatarwa.
- Ƙimar aminci (ISO 13849/IEC 62061) alhakin injiniya ne; AI yana haifar da daftarin aiki.
Aikin aikace-aikace
Zaɓi yanayi mai sauƙi na aiki da kai (misali farawa/tsaya motar latch ɗin kai, mai kunnawa matsayi biyu, ko ƙaramar tasha mai cikewa). Rubuta jerin I/O ɗinku da buƙatun aminci (wanda maballin shine NC, wanda ke haɗawa). Shin AI ta ƙirƙira Injin Tsarin Rubutun Jiha tare da wannan mahallin. Sannan tabbatar da fitarwa don aminci: (1) Shin Stop yana ba da amintaccen fita daga kowace jiha, (2) ana bincika tsaka-tsaki a kowane zagayowar sikanin, (3) duk masu kunnawa suna zuwa yanayin aminci idan kuskure? Yi bayanin duk wani gazawar aminci da gyare-gyare da kuka samu.